Resources and Development Flow Chart

Resources and development: read resources and development class 10 notes and resources and development class 10 flow chart.

Definition of Resource: Things which can be used to satisfy our needs, is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable.

Resources and Development

Types of Resources

On the basis of origin:

• Biotic Resources: are obtained from biosphere & have life such as human beings, flora & fauna, fisheries, livestock.
• Abiotic Resources: composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources such as rocks & metals.

Note: a. Stock – Human beings do not have appropriate technology to access these.
b. Reserves – can be put into use with the help of existing technical ‘know-how’ but their use has not been started.

On the basis of Exhaustibility:

• Renewable Resources: can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes such as solar & wind energy, water, forests & wildlife, etc. May further be divided into continuous or flow.
• Non-Renewable Resources: occur over a very long geological time such as minerals and fossil fuels. May further be divided into recyclable and non-recyclable.

On the basis of Ownership:

• Individual Resources: owned by individuals such as plantation, pasture lands, ponds, etc.
• Community Owned Resources: resources which are accessible to all members of community such as village commons, public parks, etc.
• National Resources: All minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land within political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles from coast known as national resources.
• International Resources: international institutions regulate these resources such as the oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles…

On the Basis of the Status of Development:

• Potential Resources: found in a region, but have not been utilized. Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for development of wind and solar energy, but so far these have not been developed properly.
• Developed Resources: are surveyed, quality and quantity determined for utilisation. Its development depends on technology and level of their feasibility.

Resources and Development of Resources

Indiscriminate use of resources by human being has led to the following major problems:

1. Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.
2. Accumulation of resources in few hands, divided the society into haves and have not’s or rich and poor.
3. Global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.

Resources Planning

• Strategy for judicious use of resources is important as there is enormous diversity in the availability of resources.
• Many of the resources are non-renewable. This calls for balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and local levels.

Resource Planning in India

• Identification and inventory of resources.
• Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up.
• Matching resource development plans with overall national development plans.

Conservation of Resources

Resources are vital for any developmental activity. Irrational consumption and over-utilisation of resources may lead to socio-economic and environmental problems. To overcome these problems, resource conservation at various levels is important. Gandhiji was very apt in voicing his concern about resource conservation in these words, “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed.”

Land Resources

Land is a natural resource of utmost importance. India has land under a variety of relief features, 43% is plain, provides facilities for agriculture and industry. Mountains account for 30 per cent ensure perennial flow of some rivers, provide facilities for tourism and ecological aspects. About 27 per cent is the plateau, possesses rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels and forests.

Land Utilisation – Land resources are used for the following purposes:

• Forests, Land not available for cultivation: (a) Barren and waste land (b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads, factories.
• Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land): (a) Permanent pastures and grazing land, (b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops, groves (not included in net sown area), (c) Culturable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).
• Fallow lands: (a) Current fallow (left without cultivation for 1 or less than 1 agricultural year), (b) Other than current fallow - (left uncultivated for past 1 to 5 agricultural years).
• Net sown area: Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area.

Land use Pattern in India

1. Use of land is determined both by physical factors such as topography, climate, and soil types as well as human factors such as population density, technological capability and culture and traditions, etc.
2. Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq km. The land under permanent pasture has decreased. Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33 per cent of geographical area, as it was outlined in the National Forest Policy 1952.
3. NSA in India comes to about 54 per cent of total reporting area. Pattern of net sown area varies greatly from one state to another. It is over 80% of total area in Punjab and Haryana and less than 10% in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

Land Degradation & Conservation Measures

1. There are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India. Approximately, 28 per cent of it belongs to the category of forest degraded area, 56 per cent of it is water eroded area and the rest is affected by saline and alkaline deposits.
2. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation. In the states of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.

Ways to solve the problems of land degradation

Afforestation, proper management of grazing, planting of shelter belts of plants, control on over grazing, and stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are some of the methods to check land degradation. Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment.

Soil as a resource

Relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil.

Must Read: Notes on Water Resources

Classification of Soils

1. Alluvial Soil: It is of two types – khadar and bangar. It is found in Northern Plains and Coastal Strips of Eastern Coast.
2. Black Soil: It is derived from Deccan Traps. It occurs in areas like Maharashtra, Western M.P. & Gujarat. It is known for the cultivation of cotton.
3. Red Soil: Formed in areas of igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is found in parts of Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Orissa & Jharkhand.
4. Laterite Soil: Intensively leached soil of monsoon climate. It is found in hills of Deccan, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa and parts of Assam & Meghalaya.
5. Mountain Soil: It is characterized by deposition of organic materials derived from vegetative cover. Found in Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern ranges, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir.
6. Desert Soil: It is found in arid areas of Rajasthan, Punjab & Haryana.

Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation

• The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion.
• Human activities like deforestation, over-grazing, construction and mining, etc. while natural forces like wind, glacier and water lead to soil erosion.
• Examples – Deep channels as gullies, bad land, Chambal ravines, sheet erosion.
• Methods of Conservation – Contour ploughing, terrace cultivation, strip cropping, shelter belts.

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Flow Chart of Resources and Development (Click Image to Zoom or Download)