The Rise Of Nationalism in Europe Class 10 | Nationalism in Europe Class 10 Notes

CLASS 10 HISTORY • CHAPTER 1

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe – Class 10 Notes, MCQs & Questions

Complete Class 10 History Chapter 1 revision material with concise notes, 72 MCQs with answers, important questions, extra questions and exam-focused suggested questions.

Chapter Overview72 MCQsMCQ Answer KeyQuestions & AnswersExtra QuestionsSuggested Questions

Class 10 History Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Chapter Overview

Revise the major themes of The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: the French Revolution and the idea of the nation, liberalism and conservatism, the revolutions of 1830–1848, German and Italian unification, the making of Britain, and nationalism and imperialism.

Continue your revision: Practise 184 Questions and Answers on The Rise of Nationalism in Europe.

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe – Class 10 History Chapter 1 covers the emergence of nationalism, the French Revolution, liberalism and conservatism, the revolutions of 1830–1848, the unification of Germany and Italy, the making of Britain, and nationalism and imperialism.

In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of democratic and social republics. During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a powerful force that brought sweeping changes to the political and mental world of Europe.

The French Revolution and the Idea of Nation

1. There was a growth of nationalism in France.
2. Various measures and practices were introduced to create a sense of collective identity among the people of France.
3. Europe saw the rise of Napoleon and his reforms, while revolutionary ideas helped other peoples of Europe to develop national identities.

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe – Class 10

1. Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons, with autonomous rulers.
2. Industrialisation began in England, and a working class and liberalism emerged.
3. After the defeat of Napoleon, European governments followed conservative policies. Conservative regimes were often autocratic, while revolutionaries fought for liberty and freedom. Giuseppe Mazzini formed Young Italy.

The Age of Revolutions (1830–1848)

1. Liberalism and nationalism grew alongside revolutions in Brussels and Greece, cultural movements, popular hardship and demands for constitutionalism and national unification.
2. Women participated in nationalist struggles, although political rights remained restricted.
3. The Frankfurt Parliament was convened in May 1848.

Visualizing the Nation

Nations were portrayed as female figures such as Marianne (France) and Germania (Germany).

Nationalism and Imperialism

By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, nationalism in Europe increasingly became a narrow and intolerant creed. Nationalist tensions in the Balkans, combined with rivalry among the European powers, contributed to the climate that preceded the First World War.

Visual revision: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Editorial note: A few legacy questions contained incorrect dates, names or wording. They have been standardised against the NCERT chapter—for example, the Act of Union is 1707, Ireland joined the United Kingdom in 1801, Garibaldi’s Expedition of the Thousand took place in 1860, and Napoleon’s first Italian campaign began in 1796.

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10 MCQs

Test yourself first. The answer key is provided separately below so you can revise without seeing the answers immediately.

Question 1

Which one of the following was not a part of the concept of nation-state?

1. AClearly defined boundary
2. BNational identity based on culture and history
3. CSovereignty
4. DFreedom from monarchy

Question 2

Which of the following was NOT introduced as a measure of the French Revolution?

1. AThe Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
2. BA constitution and equality before the law
3. CParticipative administration and elections
4. DUniversal adult suffrage

Question 3

On the pretext of helping people of Europe to become nations, France extended its control over neighbouring territories. Which group includes territories/regions that came under French control during the 1790s?

1. AHolland, Switzerland, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany
2. BAustria, Prussia, Macedonia, Croatia and Greece
3. CPoland, Sardinia, Russia, Spain and Denmark
4. DSweden, Norway, Portugal, Ottoman Turkey and Britain

Question 4

Civil code of 1804, enforced throughout the French territories

1. AAbolished privileges based on birth
2. BEstablished equality before law
3. CSecured right to property
4. DAll the above

Question 5

Napoleon’s invasions were resented in several countries due to

1. AIncreased taxes, censorship and forced conscription into army
2. BPoor administration, restricted trade, language issues
3. CDominance of aristocracy and army in administration
4. DGrowth of the feeling of nationalism

Question 6

Which of the following lists regions that were part of the Habsburg Empire?

1. AAustria, Hungary, Bohemia, Lombardy and Venetia
2. BSpain, Portugal, Sardinia, Greece and Poland
3. CFrance, Prussia, Belgium, Denmark and Norway
4. DRussia, Ottoman Empire, Greece, Sardinia and Croatia

Question 7

During Eighteenth century which language was spoken by the aristocrats in Europe?

1. AEnglish
2. BFrench
3. CGreek
4. DDutch

Question 8

Liberal nationalism, which dominated Europe in early nineteenth century supported

1. APersonal freedom
2. BAbolishing privileges of aristocracy and clergy
3. CDemand for constitution
4. DAll of these

Question 9

Which of the following was not a demand of the liberals?

1. ARepresentative Government
2. BUniversal suffrage
3. CInviolability of private property
4. DFreedom of Markets

Question 10

Zollverein, formed by Prussia and joined by many of the German states was a

1. AGerman army
2. BGerman police
3. Ccustoms union
4. DTrade union

Question 11

Economic nationalism in the German states was especially supported by the:

1. Amiddle class
2. Baristocracy
3. Cclergy
4. Droyal families

Question 12

The conservatives were of the opinion that

1. APre-revolution administration should be re-established
2. BMonarchy and churches should be preserved
3. CFeudalism should be restored
4. DMonarchies were dangerous for nation-state

Question 13

The European powers that defeated Napoleon included

1. ABritain and Russia
2. BPrussia and Austria
3. CFrance and Netherlands
4. DBoth
5. Aand
6. B

Question 14

After the defeat of Napoleon a congress was held in Vienna in which Russia, Britain, Prussia and Austria participated. Who hosted this meet?

1. AMetternich
2. BBismarck
3. CGaribaldi
4. DMazzini

Question 15

After the defeat of Napoleon, which dynasty was restored in France?

1. AHapsburg
2. BOttoman
3. CBourbon
4. DNone of these

Question 16

Johann Gottfried, a German philosopher, believed that the true German culture was to be discovered

1. AIn classical German literature
2. BAmong the common people
3. CIn fairy tales
4. DIn Indian literature

Question 17

After Napoleon’s defeat, the territories of Poland were distributed among

1. ARussia, Prussia and Austria
2. BAustria, England and Prussia
3. CFrance, England and Prussia
4. DEngland, Prussia and Russia

Question 18

After the Russian occupation of Poland, a number of Polish priests and bishops were imprisoned or sent to Siberia because they:

1. Aintroduced religious reforms
2. Brefused to preach in Russian
3. Csupported the Ottoman Empire
4. Dopposed the use of Polish in churches

Question 19

Paris witnessed an upheaval in 1848 that forced Louis Philippe to flee. The unrest was mainly caused by:

1. Aa tax rise
2. Bfood shortages and widespread unemployment
3. Ca shortage of industrial machinery
4. Da drain of wealth

Question 20

Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, rejected the crown offered by the Frankfurt Parliament because the proposed constitution would make the monarch:

1. Asubject to a parliament
2. Ban elected president
3. Ca military commander without political powers
4. Da constitutional monarch with no authority

Question 21

During the Frankfurt Parliament held in St. Paul church on 18 May 1848, women were allowed to

1. AVote
2. BParticipate in drafting constitution
3. CStand in the visitor’s gallery
4. DThey were not allowed to enter the premises

Question 22

The unification of Germany was completed in 1871 under the leadership of:

1. AKing William I of Prussia and Otto von Bismarck
2. BKing William IV and Garibaldi
3. CBismarck and Garibaldi
4. DMazzini and Garibaldi

Question 23

Who formed Young Italy for unification of his country?

1. AGiuseppe Garibaldi
2. BCount Cavour
3. CGiuseppe Mazzini
4. DVictor Emmanuel

Question 24

Who succeeded in gathering French support for Italy for defeating Austria in 1859?

1. AVictor Emmanuel II
2. BCount Cavour
3. CGiuseppe Mazzini
4. DGiuseppe Garibaldi

Question 25

Who led the famous Expedition of the Thousand against the Bourbon rulers of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1860?

1. AOtto von Bismarck
2. BCount Cavour
3. CGiuseppe Garibaldi
4. DGiuseppe Mazzini

Question 26

The Glorious Revolution in European history refers to:

1. AThe British Revolution of 1688
2. BThe unification of Germany in 1871
3. CThe unification of Italy in 1860
4. DThe Greek struggle for independence in 1821

Question 27

Who was the king of England during the Glorious Revolution?

1. AJames II
2. BWilliam IV
3. CCharles I
4. DHenry III

Question 28

The convention parliament of England decided the following after the Glorious Revolution

1. AJames’s daughter Mary II and her husband William III would jointly rule the country
2. BThat the parliament would set out the Bill of Rights
3. CThe Monarch would be a subject to a parliament
4. DAll of these

Question 29

The United Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence in 1707 after:

1. AScotland was united with England
2. BIreland was united with England
3. CWales was given voting rights
4. Dthe Union Jack was introduced

Question 30

Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in

1. A1717
2. B1801
3. C1866
4. D1896

Question 31

Who was Frédéric Sorrieu?

1. AA Philosopher
2. BA Painter
3. CA Politician
4. DA Revolutionary

Question 32

Which of the following is true with reference to Romanticism?

1. AConcept of government by consent
2. BFreedom for the individual
3. CCultural movement
4. DFreedom of markets

Question 33

What was the basic philosophy of the conservatives?

1. AThey opposed monarchical forms.
2. BThey were the supporters of democracy
3. CThey wanted to glorify folk art and vernacular language
4. DThey stressed the importance of tradition and established institutions and customs.

Question 34

Who was Count Cavour?

1. AChief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont
2. BRevolutionary of Germany
3. Ca Catholic missionary
4. DChancellor of Germany

Question 35

Which of the following states led the unification of Germany?

1. ABavaria
2. BPrussia
3. CRhineland
4. DHanover

Question 36

Who hosted the Congress of Vienna in 1815?

1. ACavour
2. BKing Victor Emmanuel
3. CBismarck
4. DDuke Metternich

Question 37

What was the main objective of the treaty of Vienna of 1815?

1. ATo undo the changes brought about in Europe during Napoleonic war.
2. BTo plan the unification of Germany.
3. CTo restore the democracy in Europe.
4. DTo overthrow the Bourbon dynasty.

Question 38

Which of the following treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation?

1. ATreaty of Versailles
2. BTreaty of Constantinople
3. CTreaty of Frankfurt
4. DTreaty of Vienna

Question 39

At which of the following places was the Frankfurt assembly convened?

1. AAt the palace of Prussia
2. BAt the hall of Mirrors in palace of Versailles.
3. CAt the church of St. Peter's
4. DAt the church of St. Paul

Question 40

Who said “when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold”?

1. ABismarck
2. BCavour
3. CVictor Emmanuel II
4. DMetternich

Question 41

Who among the following was proclaimed the first king of united Italy?

1. AKing George II
2. BVictor Emmanuel II
3. CNicholas II
4. DKaiser William I

Question 42

Among the following which section was not included in the European middle class?

1. AIndustrialists
2. BBusinessmen
3. CNobles
4. DProfessionals

Question 43

The term ‘absolutist’ refers to:

1. Aa centralised monarchical form of government
2. Ban abstract political theory
3. Ca utopian vision
4. Da form of folk art

Question 44

When and by whom were the four prints visualising a world of democratic and social republics prepared?

1. A1804, Napoleon
2. B1815, Duke Metternich
3. C1848, Frédéric Sorrieu
4. D1871, Otto von Bismarck

Question 45

What do the saints, angels and Christ symbolize in the Utopian vision?

1. AEquality among people
2. BFraternity among nations
3. CFreedom of nations
4. DResentment against nations

Question 46

What did the Napoleonic Code of 1804 spell out?

1. AEquality before law
2. BRight to property
3. CWiping out privileges by birth
4. DAll of the above

Question 47

What seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes in Europe?

1. AForced conscription into French armies
2. BIncreased prices
3. CMovement and exchange of goods
4. DLaws that was not uniform

Question 48

Napoleon invaded Italy in:

1. A1796
2. B1821
3. C1905
4. D1797

Question 49

Which two countries were among the territories ruled by the Habsburg Empire?

1. AAustria and Hungary
2. BRomania and Bulgaria
3. CFrance and Belgium
4. DGreece and Sardinia

Question 50

In revolutionary France, who were granted exclusive rights to vote?

1. AAll women
2. BProperty-owning men
3. CProperty-owning women
4. DAll men

Question 51

A merchant traveling from Hamburg to Nuremberg, in the first half of the nineteenth century, had to pass through how many customs barriers to sell his goods?

1. A20
2. B10
3. C9
4. D11

Question 52

What was viewed as obstacle to economic change and growth by new commercial classes?

1. AAbsence of railways
2. BLimited suffrage
3. CCustoms duties
4. DReduced status of women

Question 53

What led to the abolishing of the tariff barriers in the German-speaking regions of Europe and the reduction of currencies?

1. AFormation of the Customs Union
2. BFormation of traditional institutions
3. CAbolition of feudalism
4. DState power

Question 54

Why was the Treaty of Vienna drawn up in 1815?

1. ATo abolish tariff barriers
2. BTo restore the monarchies
3. CTo divide the German Confederation of 39 states
4. DNone of these

Question 55

Why was the kingdom of Netherlands, which included Belgium, set up in the North?

1. ATo control censorship laws
2. BTo curb government activities
3. CTo prevent French expansion
4. DBoth a and b

Question 56

When were the 'Conservatives Regimes' set up?

1. A1830
2. B1820
3. C1815
4. D1832

Question 57

What major issue was criticized against by the liberal nationalists?

1. ACensorship laws to control the press
2. BPreservation of the Church
3. CA modern army
4. DEfficient bureaucracy

Question 58

Name the Italian revolutionary from Genoa.

1. AMetternich
2. BJohann Gottfried
3. CGiuseppe Mazzini
4. DNone of these

Question 59

Who said, "When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold"?

1. ALord Byron
2. BT S Eliot
3. CMetternich
4. DGiuseppe

Question 60

What marked Greece as an independent nation?

1. ATreaty of Constantinople, 1832
2. BTreaty of Vienna, 1815
3. CTreaty of Versailles, 1871
4. DNone of these

Question 61

How did Karol Kurpinski celebrate the national struggle?

1. AOperas
2. BPlays
3. CBooks
4. DPoetry

Question 62

What happened to many Polish priests and bishops who used Polish for Church gatherings and religious instruction?

1. AThey were imprisoned or sent to Siberia
2. BThey were given political offices
3. CThey were forced to leave Poland for France
4. DThey were appointed to the Russian administration

Question 63

What did weavers in Silesia, in 1845, revolt against?

1. ABad quality raw material
2. BInsufficient supply of raw material
3. CContractors who didn't pay them enough
4. DNone of these

Question 64

Women were admitted in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, but only as:

1. AOpposition
2. BWaitresses
3. CGuards
4. DObservers

Question 65

Who were the 'Junkers'?

1. ASoldiers
2. BLarge landowners
3. CAristocracy
4. DWeavers

Question 66

What was 'Young Italy'?

1. AVision of Italy
2. BSecret society
3. CNational anthem of Italy
4. DNone of these

Question 67

Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy, in 1861?

1. AGiuseppe Garibaldi
2. BVictor Emmanuel II
3. CGiuseppe Mazzini
4. DCavour

Question 68

Which act resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707?

1. AThe Act of Union, 1707
2. BThe Tax Reform Act, 1784
3. CThe Commutation Act, 1784
4. DThe Reform Act, 1832

Question 69

What was the famous expedition carried out by Giuseppe Garibaldi called?

1. AYoung Europe in Berne
2. BYoung Italy in Marseilles
3. CExpedition of the Thousand to South Italy
4. DNone of these

Question 70

What were the contributions of the Grimm Brothers in nation-building?

1. AFairytales
2. BFolk dances
3. COperas
4. DMusic

Question 71

What is an allegory?

1. AA representation of an abstract idea through a person, image or symbol
2. BAn idealistic state
3. CA type of government
4. DA song or poem

Question 72

The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe, after 1871, was an area called:

1. AOttoman
2. BPrussia
3. CBalkans
4. DMacedonia

MCQ Answer Key

Corrected and standardised answer key for the 72 practice MCQs.

1DFreedom from monarchy

2DUniversal adult suffrage

3AHolland, Switzerland, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany

4DAll the above

5AIncreased taxes, censorship and forced conscription into army

6AAustria, Hungary, Bohemia, Lombardy and Venetia

7BFrench

8DAll of these

9BUniversal suffrage

10Ccustoms union

11Amiddle class

12BMonarchy and churches should be preserved

13DBoth (a) and (b)

14AMetternich

15CBourbon

16BAmong the common people

17ARussia, Prussia and Austria

18Brefused to preach in Russian

19Bfood shortages and widespread unemployment

20Asubject to a parliament

21CStand in the visitor’s gallery

22AKing William I of Prussia and Otto von Bismarck

23CGiuseppe Mazzini

24BCount Cavour

25CGiuseppe Garibaldi

26AThe British Revolution of 1688

27AJames II

28DAll of these

29AScotland was united with England

30B1801

31BA Painter

32CCultural movement

33DThey stressed the importance of tradition and established institutions and customs.

34AChief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont

35BPrussia

36DDuke Metternich

37ATo undo the changes brought about in Europe during Napoleonic war.

38BTreaty of Constantinople

39DAt the church of St. Paul

40DMetternich

41BVictor Emmanuel II

42CNobles

43Aa centralised monarchical form of government

44C1848, Frédéric Sorrieu

45BFraternity among nations

46DAll of the above

47AForced conscription into French armies

48A1796

49AAustria and Hungary

50BProperty-owning men

51D11

52CCustoms duties

53AFormation of the Customs Union

54BTo restore the monarchies

55CTo prevent French expansion

56C1815

57ACensorship laws to control the press

58CGiuseppe Mazzini

59CMetternich

60ATreaty of Constantinople, 1832

61AOperas

62AThey were imprisoned or sent to Siberia

63CContractors who didn't pay them enough

64DObservers

65BLarge landowners

66BSecret society

67BVictor Emmanuel II

68AThe Act of Union, 1707

69CExpedition of the Thousand to South Italy

70AFairy tales

71AA representation of an abstract idea through a person, image or symbol

72CBalkans

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10 Questions and Answers

Question 1

Explain the concept of a nation state.

Answer: Most of the citizens of a nation state develop a common identity. They share history, culture & language. This commonness came as a result of great struggle by the leaders and the common people.

Question 2

Explain the measures and practices creating sense of collective identity among the people of France.

Answer: The ideas of the fatherland (la patrie), the citizen (le citoyen) and the tricolour flag emphasized the nation of a united community. A new French flag, new hymns were composed, a centralized administrative system was set up, and internal customs duties were abolished.

Question 3

Explain the consequences of the Vienna congress.

Answer: The Congress of Vienna (1815) restored the Bourbon dynasty in France, created a series of states around France to prevent future French expansion, strengthened Prussia on its western frontiers, gave Austria control of northern Italy, and allowed Russia to retain part of Poland.

Question 4

Why the 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe?

Answer: The 1830s brought rapid population growth, unemployment, migration to overcrowded cities, rising food prices and competition from cheaper machine-made goods. Peasants also faced feudal dues and hardship, making the decade one of severe economic distress.

Question 5

Why did national tensions emerge in the Balkan?

Answer: National tensions grew in the Balkans because the Ottoman Empire was weakening, different Slavic and other ethnic groups sought independence, and competing claims were intensified by rivalry among the European powers.

Question 6

Explain the Greek war of Independence.

Answer: Greece had been under Ottoman rule since the fifteenth century. Revolutionary nationalism inspired the Greek struggle for independence from 1821. Western European support, along with the sympathy of poets and artists influenced by Greek culture, strengthened the movement. The Treaty of Constantinople (1832) recognised Greece as an independent nation.

Question 7

How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?

Answer: Britain was formed through a gradual process of parliamentary union and political integration rather than through a single revolutionary movement. The Act of Union (1707) united England and Scotland, and Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. English institutions, language and symbols were then promoted as British identity.

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10 Extra Questions

Extra Question 1

Describe the process by which Germany was unified?

Answer: By 1848, the popular effort failed to succeed in installing constitutional monarch in Germany. There after the task for unification of Germany was taken over by Prussia and its chief minister Otto von Bismarck followed a policy of "Blood and Iron" and within a period of seven years three wars were fought with Denmark, Austria and France. These states were defeated. In January 1871 the process of unification of Germany was completed and the Prussian King William I was proclaimed German Emperor.

Extra Question 2

Describe the process of unification of Italy.

Answer: During 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini decided to make a programme to unite Italy and formed a society called “Young Italy”. After earlier revolutionary attempts failed, King Victor Emmanuel II and his chief minister Cavour took to unify the Italian states through war. He got the whole hearted support of Minister Cavour and made a tactful alliance with France and defeated Austrian forces in 1859. Now he was able to secure the support of Garibaldi. In 1860 Garibaldi led the famous expedition to South Italy and freed the states from Bourbon rulers. In 1861, before the completion of unification, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of united Italy.

Extra Question 3

Discuss the measures and practices introduced by the French Revolution, which helped in creating a sense of collective identity among the French people.

Answer: The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people: The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of nation. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all the citizens within its territory. Internal custom duties were abolished and uniform system of weights and measures were adopted. Regional dialects were discouraged and French became common language of the nation.

Extra Question 4

Critically examine the achievements of Napoleon.

Answer: A list of achievements and failures of Napoleon is mentioned below: Achievements of Napoleon - Napoleon introduced many reforms in the conquered territories. Though he is said to have destroyed democracy in France but in administrative field he incorporated many revolutionary principles to make the whole system more rational and efficient. The Civil Code of 1804- usually known as the Napoleonic Code- did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In towns, the restrictions on the guilds were removed and transport and communication systems were improved. All these developments facilitated the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another. Failures of Napoleon - The people in the conquered territories soon realized that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.

Extra Question 5

State any three limitations of the Napoleonic Code.

Answer: The Napoleonic Code had important limitations. Political rights remained restricted; women were placed under the authority of fathers and husbands; and Napoleon’s administrative and military expansion did not create political freedom for conquered peoples.

Extra Question 6

Differentiate between liberals and conservatives.

Answer: The differences between liberals and conservatives are listed below: The liberals promoted the democratic ideas of the French Revolution like liberty, equality and Freedom of Press etc. but conservatives censored such ideas through laws. The liberals advocated Democratic Government by putting an end to autocracy, election of representatives. The Conservatives wanted to restore and strengthen traditional institution of Political Power i.e. Monarchy. The liberals promoted revolutions to oppose monarchical forms and wanted to fight and freedom while the conservatives preferred gradual development to quick change.

Extra Question 7

Briefly trace the History of the Unification of Germany.

Answer: The Unification of Germany : At the Frankfurt Parliament of 1848, the liberals failed to unify Germany under a constitutional monarchy. In the second stage, the rulers themselves made to unify Germany into a militaristic empire under Prussia. Prussia led the movement through its chief ministers Otto von Bismarck who was supported by the army and the bureaucracy. Bismarck followed the policy of war called “Policy of Blood and Iron”. He successfully fought three wars over a period of 7 years and defeated Austria, Denmark and France. The process of unification was completed in Jan 1871 with the proclamation of the Prussian King William I as the German Emperor of the New German Empire. He was crowned in the Palace of Versailles in France. It was a victory over conservatives.

Extra Question 8

Name the following - Question: Austrian Chancellor who hosted the Vienna Congress.

Answer: Duke Metternich Question: Italian Revolutionary who founded the secret society by the name of Young Italy. Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini Question: European governments were driven by this spirit after 1815. Answer: Conservatism Question: The treaty that recognised the independence of Greece. Answer: Treaty of Constantinople (1832) Question: A cultural movement, which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Answer: Romanticism

Extra Question 9

Write a note on: Giuseppe Mazzini Count Camillo de Cavour The Greek War of Independence Frankfurt Parliament The role of women in nationalist struggles

Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini - He was a young revolutionary of Italy who played a significant in promoting the idea of a unified Italian state. He believed that God intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. At that time Italy was divided into a number of small states and kingdoms. During the 1830s, Mazzini tried to overthrow different monarchies and led a revolution to unify Italy. He also set up two secret revolutionary organizations, namely Young Italy and Young Europe. But the revolution failed and Mazzini was sent into exile. However, his ideas later inspired Cavour whose ideas influenced the later unification movement. Count Camillo de Cavour - Of the seven states of Italy, only Sardinia - Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. When the revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 failed to unite Italy, the responsibility to establish a unified Italy fell upon this Italian state. King Victor Emmanuel II was its ruler and Cavour was the Chief Minister. Cavour led the movement to unify the separate states of Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. He had a powerful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped him to defeat the Austrian forces in 1859. Thus, in 1861, Italy was unified and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the King of unified Italy. The Greek War of Independence - This was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1829 against Ottoman Empire. The Greek nationals got influenced by the idea of Liberal nationalism. In this war the Greeks were supported by the West European countries, while the poets and artists, who added romanticism to the Greek struggle of independence, also participated in this war against Ottoman Empire. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation. Frankfurt Parliament - The German middle class decided to vote for an all - German National Assembly in 1848, and hence came to Frankfurt. Around 1831 persons were elected. They comprised the National Assembly. The assembly decided to organize Frankfurt Parliament in the church of St. Paul. Thus, on 18th May, 1848 the famous Frankfurt Parliament was convened. The assembly decided that the German nation would be a monarchy controlled by Parliament, and offered this term to the Prussian King. But he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. The parliament faced strong opposition from aristocracy and military. The Parliament was dominated by the middle class who resisted the demands of workers and artisans. As a result of this the middle class lost their mass support. Ultimately, the monarchy and military combined together with aristocracy, won over the liberal nationalist middle class and the assembly was forced to disband.Therefore, the Frankfurt Parliament is famous in history as a failure of liberalism and victory of monarchy. The role of women in nationalist struggles - Women played a very significant role in the nationalist struggle all over the world. They led the movements, faced the tortures of police, stood by their male counterparts, spread the idea of liberal nationalism and also participated in the various revolutionary organizations. For example, we have studied how women participated actively in revolutionary and nationalist movements, but did not receive equal political rights. Liberty is personified as a women and also women participated in nationalist movements despite the fact that political rights remained largely restricted to men in nationalist movements in Europe. But in spite of their active participation in nationalist struggles, they were given little or no political rights, right to vote etc. till the end of 19th century.

Extra Question 10

What steps did French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?

Answer: The French revolutionaries took following steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people: They introduced the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen). These ideas emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. They chose a new French flag, to replace the former royal standard. The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly and was elected by a group of active citizens. They composed new hymns, took oaths and commemorated martyrs, all in the name of nation. They established a centralized administrative system, which formulated uniform laws for all citizens. They adopted a uniform system of weights and measures and abolished internal custom duties. They promoted French over the regional dialects. They further declared that it was the mission and destiny of the French nation to liberate people of Europe from despotism, in other words to help other people of Europe to become nations.

Extra Question 11

who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?

Answer: Marianne was the female allegory of French nation. Similarly, Germania was the female allegory of German nation. They stood as personifications of ideals like ‘Liberty’ and ‘The Republic’. They were portrayed in such a way that it sought to give an abstract idea of the nation in a concrete form and would instill a sense of nationality in the citizens of these countries.

Extra Question 12

Briefly trace the process of German unification.

Answer: The liberal minded middle class of German Confederacy met in the Frankfurt Parliament in 1848, with an objective of establishing Germany as a nation. But they failed miserably. The parliament ended with monarchical, military and aristocratic triumph. Later on, the Chief Minister of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck led the movement of unity of the German Confederacy. He organized the military wars and mobilized bureaucracy against the countries which had occupied the German states. He fought three wars for over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France, which he won. This completed the process of German unification. In January 1871, the Prussian King William I was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

Extra Question 13

What changes did Napoleon introduced to make the administrative system more efficient in territories ruled by him?

Answer: Napoleon introduced following changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the areas ruled by him: He established civil code in 1804 also known as the Napoleonic Code. It did away with all privileges based on birth. It established equality before law and secured the right to property. He simplified administrative divisions, abolished feudal system, and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In towns too, guild systems were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, businessmen and workers enjoyed the new found freedom. By introducing these changes Napoleon made the whole administrative system more rational and efficient.

Suggested Questions: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

4 Marks • 60–80 Words

1. 01'The initial enthusiasm towards the French armies soon turned to hostility'. Give reasons.
2. 02In Europe of mid-eighteenth century there were no nation-states'. Comment.
3. 03How did revolutionary ideas spread to other countries?
4. 04Growth of Industrialisation changed the social and political equation in Europe. Discuss.
5. 05Answer the following: (a) What was the Zollverein? (b) Under whose initiative was it formulated? (c) What were its wider implications?

6 Marks • 125 Words

1. 01Metternich once remarked "When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches a cold." Discuss this statement in reference to the July revolution of 1830.
2. 02Distinguish between Revolutions of 1830 and 1848.
3. 03Compare the positions on the question of women's rights voiced by the three writers cited. What do they reveal about liberal ideology?
4. 04Describe the 4 stages of unification of Germany.
5. 05Briefly trace the process of Italian unification.
6. 06Discuss the importance of language and popular traditions in the creation of national identity.
7. 07Give four important factors which led to the growth of nationalism in nineteenth century in Europe.
8. 08How has French artist Frédéric visualized in his first print, of the series of four prints, his dream of a world made up of "democratic and social republics". Explain.
9. 09Describe the cause of the Silesian Weavers uprising. Comment on the viewpoint of the journalist.
10. 10Culture played an important role in creating the idea of nation in Europe? Justify the statement with 4 examples.
11. 11The Treaty of Vienna gave a setback to the process of nationalism. Justify the statement with examples.
12. 12Justify how the history of the development of nationalism in England was different from the rest of Europe.
13. 13The French Revolution signified the first clear expression of nationalism in France. Justify the statement.
14. 14Why do you think Metternich made the remark? When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches a cold. Justify the statement in the light of July Revolution (1830).

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Class 10 Social Science Important QuestionsOpen the main Class 10 SST revision hub.184 Questions: Rise of Nationalism in EuropePractise the larger chapter question bank.Water Resources MCQsContinue with Class 10 Geography practice.Outcomes of Democracy MCQsContinue with Class 10 Political Science revision.Globalisation and the Indian EconomyContinue with Class 10 Economics revision.Power Sharing MCQsPractise another Class 10 Political Science topic.