Notes on Resources and Development | Geography

Concepts of the lesson-

Different bases of classification of resources.
(1) On the basis of origin
Biotic and Abiotic
(2) On the basis of exhaustibility.
Renewable and Non renewable.
(3) On the basis of ownership
Individual, Community, National and International
(4) On the basis of status of development
Potential, Developed, Stock and Reserves
Resource Planning:
Resource Planning is meant for equitable distribution and judicious use of resources.
Land use Pattern:
Land use pattern means utilization of land for various purposes such as cultivation, grazing of animals, mining, construction of buildings, roads, railways etc.
Land degradation:
Land degradation means deteriorating the quality of land which makes it unfit for any use due to various human activities.

Soils are classified as follow:
(i) Alluvial Soils
(ii) Black Soils
(iii) Red and Yellow Soils
(iv) Laterite Soils
(v) Arid Soils
(vi) Forest Soils

Short Answer Type Questions of Resources and Development:

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Q.1: What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas?
Answer:
1) Terracing on hilly area
2) Building Dams on hilly areas
3) Afforestation

Q.2: When and why was the Rio-de-Janero Earth summit held?
Answer:
1992The Rio-de-Janero Earth summit was held in 1992 in Brazil. It was held to achieve sustainable development in order to combat environment damage, poverty and disease; it laid emphasis on global cooperation mutual needs and shared responsibilities.

Q.3: Write two characteristics each of Khadar and Bangar ?
Answer:
Khadar (New Alluvium)
1) New Alluvial a new soil
2) Very fertile soil less Kankar nodules
Bangar (Old Alluvium)
1) Old Alluvial or Old soil
2) Not too fertile, often contains Kankar nodules

Q.4: What type of soil is found in river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.
Answer:
Alluvial Soil is found in river deltas of the eastern coast:
1) Most important soil
2) Such a soil is the result of deposits of river.
3) Very fertile soil.

Q.5: What do you, mean by land use pattern? Name the factors that determine the use of land.
Answer:
Utilization of land for various purposes such as cultivation, grazing of animals, mining and construction of roads etc.
Factors
1) Topography
2) Climate
3) Human Factor
4) Accessibility

Q.6: Write the difference between Alluvial and Black Soils?
Answer:
ALLUVIAL Soil
i)These Soils are formed by the Sediments which are brought by the River.
ii) These are confined to northern plain and coastal plains.
iii) These are fine and highly fertile.
iv) These support many crops like rice and wheat.
v) This is divided into two types Khader and Bhangar
BLACK Soil
i) These Soils are formed by weathering up of igneous rocks and lava flows.
ii) These are found in north western part of peninsular plateau mainly in Maharashtra, part of Gujarat.
iii) These are also fertile Soil.
iv) Cotton grows best in this Soil.
v) It is also known as Black cotton Soil.

Q.7: Why is it necessary to conserve resources? Explain.
Answer:
Conservation of resources is necessary because it will provide sustainable benefit to the present generation and it will also maintain the potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations.

Q.8: Describe the type of Resources classified on the basis of ownership and exhaustibility?
Answer:
On the Basis of Ownership Resources are classified as given below:-
1. Individual Resources: - These are also owned privately by individuals. For example, land owned by farmers.
2. Community- Owned Resources: - There are Resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. For example, grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, Public Park, picnic spots, playgrounds etc.
3. National Resources: - The resources that belong to the nation. For example, roads, canals, railways, all the minerals, water resources, forest, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (19.2km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources within belong to the nation.
4. International Resources: - The Resources that do not belong to any individual country. For example, the Oceanic resources beyond 200km of the exclusive economic zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilize these without the decision of international institutions. There are international institutions to regulate such resources.

On The Basis Of Exhaustibility Resources Are Classified As Follows:-
1. Renewable Resources: - The resources which can be used again and again and can be reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as renewable or replenishable resources. For example, Solar and Wind energy, water, forest and wildlife, etc.
2. Non- Renewable Resources: - The resources which take millions of year in their formation and occur over a very long geological time are known as non- renewable like metals are recyclable while fossil fuels cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use.

Q.9: Explain the different methods of controlling Soil Erosion?
Answer:
Different Methods of controlling soil erosion are:-
In Hilly Areas:
1. Ploughing along the contour line can slow down the flow of water down the slopes. This is called contour ploughing.
2. Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terraces cultivation restricts erosion. Western and Central Himalayas have well developed terrace farming.
• Agricultural Regions: - Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.
• Dry Areas:- Planting lines of trees to create shelter also works in a similar way. Rows of such trees are called shelter belts. These shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilisation of sand dunes and in stabilising the desert in western India.
• In Industrial and Suburban Areas: - Proper management of waste land, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land water degradation.

Q10: Classify and explain resources on the basis of the status of development and origin?
Answer:
On the Basis of the status of development and origin resources are classified as given below:-
1. Potential Resources: - The resources which exist in a given region but have not yet been exploited are called potential resources.
Himalaya region for Hydel Power, Rajasthan and Gujarat for the wind and solar energy are the potential region of India where these resources have not properly developed so far.
2. Developed Resources: - The resources which are being utilized at present in a given region. The development of resources then depends upon their quality (Quality, Technology and level of cultural status of that region). These are being utilised by the human society at present.
3. Stock: - Those resources in a given environment which could satisfy human needs but are not accessible to them because of want of an appropriate technology. For example, two components of water i.e., hydrogen and oxygen can be used as a source of energy but the required technology is not available to do so. Hence it is seen as a Stock.
4. Reserves: - These are those resources which can be utilized with the existing technology but they are not being used at present, taking care of the future requirement. Reserves are then the part of stock such as river water and forest resources are not fully used now.

Long Answer type questions of Resources and Development

Q.1: Classify resources on the basis of ownership into four categories. Mention the main feature of each.
Answer:
(1) Individual resources: Owned privately by individual. Example: houses, pasture etc.
(2) Community Owned resources: accessible to all the members of the Community. Example: Play ground, park etc.
(3) National resources: Within the political boundaries of the country. Example: Minerals, forests etc.
(4) International resources: The oceanic resources beyond 200 Km. of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to international institutions.

Q.2: What is resource planning? Write any three utility of resources.
Answer:
Resource Planning: Resource Planning is a technique of skill of proper utilization of resources.
1. They are beneficial to human being
2. Different types of things are made by them.
3. Resources are limited. Do not waste the great gifts of the nature.

Q.3: Distinguish between the Renewable and Non- Renewable Resources.
Answer:
Renewable Resources
1) These Resources are those which once mined and used can be regenerated.
2) These Resources may be obtained continuously. Example: Land, water plants etc.
Non Renewable Resources
1) These Resources are those which once mined and used cannot be regenerated.
2) All mineral Resources are limited. Example: Coal, Mineral-oil etc.

Q.4: Describe briefly the distribution of soils found in India.
Answer:
(1) Alluvial Soil
(2) Black Soil
(3) Red and Yellow Soil
(4) Laterite Soil
(5) Mountain Soil
(6) Desert Soil
(Explain them)

Q.5: What is regur soil? Write its two features. Mention any two regions where regur soil is found.
Answer:
Regur soil – Black Soil
Features
1) made up extremely fine
2) have good capacity to hold moisture.
3) develop deep cracks during hot weather.
4) rich in calcium carbonate, potash and lime
Regions
1) Maharashtra – Malva Plateau
2) Madhya Pradesh and Chhatisgarh Plateau
Map work (Identification only)
India : Outline
Major soil types

Q.6: Explain some Human activities which are mainly responsible for land degradation in India?
Answer:
Human activities such as deforestation, over grazing and mining have contributed significantly in land degradation.
i) Mining sites are abandoned after mining work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over bending.
ii) In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation has occurred due to mining. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main seasons for land Degradation.
iii) In Punjab, Haryana, Western Utter Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
iv) The minerals processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generates huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere which retard the process of infiltration of water in to the soil after it settle down on the land.
v) Industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution.

Q.7: What is Resources Planning? Why is resource planning necessary? Give examples.
Answer:
Planning is a widely accepted strategy for cautious use of resources. In a country like India it is very important to follow and execute such planning as India has enormous diversity in the availability of resources. Some regions are rich in certain types of resources but deficient in some other resources. Some regions are self sufficient in term of the availability of resources while others have acute shortage of some vital resources. For example:-
• The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits.
• Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks in infrastructure development.
• The state of Rajasthan is very well gifted with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources.
• The cold desert of Ladakh in relatively isolated from the rest of the country. It has very rich cultural heritage but it is deficient in water, infrastructure and some vital minerals.
So, considering such case of diversity, balanced resources planning at the national states regional and local levels is required.

Q.8: Explain land use pattern in India and why the land under forest has not increased much since 1960- 61?
Answer:
The total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq. km. As per the land use data only 93% of the total geographical area is available of this 43.4% is the net sown area, forest cover is 22.6%, 4.4% is culture able waste, 7.03% is current fallow, 4% is covered by pasture and 1% is covered by the tree crops. The land under forest has in causes over the year.
The pattern of net sown area varies greatly from one state to another. Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33% of the geographical area, as it was outlined in the Natural Forest- Public Police. The percentage of forest cover is needed to be increased for the maintenance of the ecological balance.
The land under forest did not increase much since 1960- 61 due to several reasons:
*The improper use of land which has caused degradation of the available land area and made conservation of forests difficult.
*The even increasing illegal cutting of trees and forest cover to meet the needs of an increasing population.
*Large scale development projects industrialization and urbanization have reduced the forest cover to a great extent.

Q.9: Explain different types of soil found in India with suitable examples?
Answer:
The different types of soil are found in India are:-
Alluvial Soils: - The entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil. These soils also extend in Rajasthan and Gujarat through a narrow corridor. These Soils are also found in the eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri River.
Such soils are also common in plains as Duars, Chos and Terai. Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops. These soils are highly fertile.
Black Soil: - It is found in the Deccan trap region spread over North West Deccan Plateau and the plateau of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. These soils are black in colour and are also known as regur or black cotton soil and is ideal for growing cotton.
Lattrite Soils: - Mainly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Assam and Andhra Pradesh. Humus content of the soil is low because most of the micro organisms particularly they decompose like bacteria get destroyed due to high temperature. These soils are suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manure and fertilisers.
Red and Yellow Soils: - Found in parts of Orissa, Chhattisgarh, and southern part of the middle Ganga plain and along the Western Ghats. They become red due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks Yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.
Arid Soils: - Found in states like Chhattisgarh, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura. Arid soils vary from red to brown in colour. They are generally sandy in texture.
Forest Soils: - Found in the hilly and mountainous areas where adequate rain forests are available.
The soil texture varies according to the loamy and silty in valley sides.

Q.10: Explain the Soil Erosion and its different types?
Answer:
The removal of top fertile soil cover due to various reasons like wind, glacier and water is called soil erosion.
1. When the running water cuts through the clayey soil and make deep channel they are called gullies. Due to the formation of gullies the land become unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land or ravines.
2. When the top soil is washed away due to heavy flow of water down the slopes it is known as sheet erosion.
3. When the top fertile soil blows off due to wind it is known as wind erosion.